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Figure I: Weather chamber that controls heat and humidity to test deformation of swatches.
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/8ef424837c5895e85b8cde2b2fe0ff37226bfeb2c9cb3d4cb15bcb394d170e7f/3S7A4905.jpg)
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![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/a056481b228f0ab66ee908ddf868009caa940cc983420f6bf0ede08d2c2a118e/Swatch-Group-1_2_New-Dark.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/75b7b02388e07fd9a62ae13a0bd6b37590787fdda862e189363824c32f2dd72f/Swatch-Group-1_2_New-Light.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/6f554425ddda37797fbdebd41565444c2a32373944fcb5162ea04fb0c115c24a/Swatch-Group-1_2_Old-Dark.jpg)
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![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/1de6f74f3071ddffb5dc71977bf404d99eaaea716e18cc39e284c9a72d25fa7e/Swatch-Group-1_1_New-Dark.jpg)
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![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/65306bf128509ee7bc00f79f8e9370f1f228befe32e233a045db1e22aa2ea84c/Swatch-Group-1_3_New-Dark.jpg)
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![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/1ed27ca408ffd6e6ce6c44269136351533c5efd985aaf767be7fc744ceb3bf19/Swatch-Group-3_4_New-Dark.jpg)
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![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/e6f7b9aef02ada1f2d3e2449b045392141dada65d7db15412f68096126770973/Swatch-Group-4_2_New-Dark.jpg)
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![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/0d89d3915f9c0a541c6e0a55ce2e4d98b28319da4e90efd100aec1cb18b89a86/Swatch-Group-4_2_Old-Dark.jpg)
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Figure II: Comparison of the deformation of 7 X swatch prints aged over 1 year with various pectin/chitosan and cellulose compositions.
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/5d766e76e5b924e394d728c63182a2a4981a178e197f8af56b30a7aa22fbe8aa/Swatches_Compiled_1.jpg)
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Figure III: Comparison of the deformation of hexagonal swatch prints with various pectin/chitosan and cellulose compositions.
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/0b38576b4da103598d61febfb40373bdc94a0bc6f38881d12a577162f8f4d8cd/200312_Layered-Print---Circle-Chart_Material_Amount-2-37.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/ea866425bf39130bad4f134a0d58e290f96eb22a8cc49f7d42e3a9dc0ccdb38e/200312_Layered-Print---Circle-Chart_Material_Amount-2-38.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/5c395f87d3ef7f6d8af3cd9a3d62a721ab09c9f9070a15ea97b93da6118fddeb/200312_Layered-Print---Circle-Chart_Material_Amount-2-39.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/3ee8f307ec462245b3e51c4bff34c5e0b885da164bed13e615d21987c4722620/200312_Layered-Print---Circle-Chart_Material_Amount-2-40.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/a006e264466f6b8d8f0d33453c5b3d2c35e733990369ed0642d35a0095dd7fbf/200312_Layered-Print---Circle-Chart_Material_Amount-2-41.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/5373340a24297e093cc0312de0a85bfc51ed650f4698779ad860a4263ee770cf/200312_Layered-Print---Circle-Chart_Material_Amount-2-42.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/118b54f1607aad5e506932a4563a93ed7d5abefb4eb2a37d462dcf63ce3cf35a/200312_Layered-Print---Circle-Chart_Material_Amount-2-43.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/317bb9919519d5d9e6e9324bab64c10b3328ab1fed899e540d804482c096f284/200312_Layered-Print---Circle-Chart_Material_Cost-2-37.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/ba157c549d38bbef3190f61236000f41f434952a40095faba730e279ce309ed0/200312_Layered-Print---Circle-Chart_Material_Cost-2-38.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/0f460c29b7daf94f94246b4853d7dc06ede7b88340ec712602cfcaa943870c8f/200312_Layered-Print---Circle-Chart_Material_Cost-2-39.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/4c2681bce71d1ebfb7a467602b389ef243537f862167db3f13a7e7933d331a2f/200312_Layered-Print---Circle-Chart_Material_Cost-2-40.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/56eeeb4609e08fc6b2e6539bb984c3888dd4f187a2eb09b8cd7aba311c7ac00c/200312_Layered-Print---Circle-Chart_Material_Cost-2-41.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/d5e50a947e037affb792747527057e965ed01b8554a360ec7ff27bd7c84a4d4b/200312_Layered-Print---Circle-Chart_Material_Cost-2-42.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/d85b78663e705d2908f3f1ec8a9efa0cca28718ba7fe878781dda67336db016b/200312_Layered-Print---Circle-Chart_Material_Cost-2-43.jpg)
Figure IV: Composite pie chart circle diagram comparing ingredient volume and cost of materials for each single material print (7 swatch types).
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/fc667f6e58f35d0bd9a8d0439673cc7d58cf2e7bad9b884e29c56ef7beba20fc/200413_Layered-Print---Bar-Chart_Material-Cartridge_4-37.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/97b793fd03ecc6c7f582d770a01fa4a23eab9aa67bd58a2839c52ba16eb4c2c0/200413_Layered-Print---Bar-Chart_Material-Cartridge_4-38.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/3e6531cc50d5771fd75fbac966ecc0b61e29256b69b42bf1791e90e2ddcb8200/200413_Layered-Print---Bar-Chart_Material-Cartridge_4-39.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/931ecdafed86e815e77383a1df7fbb33eb9aac957580472fe29452af0040987d/200413_Layered-Print---Bar-Chart_Material-Cartridge_4-40.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/735b31c86ed73d0b94d5f9e8ce445bc05b564c8a26cad492943c90f1d2f00ef7/200413_Layered-Print---Bar-Chart_Material-Cartridge_4-41.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/c52206ff55521710a7f7e855b01b6dc6adab322e8a1c389b9a9949329b26e670/200413_Layered-Print---Bar-Chart_Material-Cartridge_4-42.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/0d6d8c8eda21e36125cdf468ef361816281f4305988ec0f0fb3c2d02bd82587c/200413_Layered-Print---Bar-Chart_Material-Cartridge_4-43.jpg)
Figure V: Diagram comparing volume of material, print duration, and cost for different biopolymer formulas used in each print in the series of 7 swatch types.
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X Swatch
These experiments examine how different material formulas, print orders and toolpaths can affect deformation over time. Each material formula is printed with a base layer of pectin in a 5 ½” cross shaped swatch with a parallel infill toolpath. A layer of cellulose hydrogels is printed with variable density lattice patterns. In select swatches a 3rd layer of pectin hydrogel is printed either on top or below the cellulose layer. The breaks in the geometry of the X shape are intended to allow the surfaces to exhibit greater shape change over time. The collection of different swatches is then exposed to air.
- Exposure to air is recorded during the first month and at 12 months.
- Swatches are imaged with and without backlighting in plan and side view.
- Changes in color and shape are visible.
6 different sets of 4 swatches are tested that control for the same toolpaths but vary the material formula and print order.
- Pectin layer + Cellulose layer: Minimal shape and color change
- Pectin Chitosan layer + Cellulose layer: Moderate shape and color change
- Pectin Chitosan Acetic Acid layer + Cellulose layer: Minimal shape and dramatic color change
- Pectin layer + Cellulose layer + Pectin Chitosan layer: Dramatic shape and color change
- Pectin Chitosan layer + Cellulose layer + Pectin layer: Dramatic shape and color change - Pectin Chitosan layer + Cellulose layer + Pectin Chitosan layer: Dramatic shape and color change
- Exposure to air is recorded during the first month and at 12 months.
- Swatches are imaged with and without backlighting in plan and side view.
- Changes in color and shape are visible.
6 different sets of 4 swatches are tested that control for the same toolpaths but vary the material formula and print order.
- Pectin layer + Cellulose layer: Minimal shape and color change
- Pectin Chitosan layer + Cellulose layer: Moderate shape and color change
- Pectin Chitosan Acetic Acid layer + Cellulose layer: Minimal shape and dramatic color change
- Pectin layer + Cellulose layer + Pectin Chitosan layer: Dramatic shape and color change
- Pectin Chitosan layer + Cellulose layer + Pectin layer: Dramatic shape and color change - Pectin Chitosan layer + Cellulose layer + Pectin Chitosan layer: Dramatic shape and color change