![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/951a90c0e7c1f302f29375737812ae83c146b6b41dc32667578b9989b04cd513/Pinned-Prototype---Stand_Left_1.jpg)
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![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/5acf0ccb71621e0e25ae36c640594cd37c8ba573f78f6e40f98cf999c7cbc595/Pinned-Prototype---Stand_Back_1.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/e3e845338a41835270c8d48c206660636ebea7e899e3042346f6a83b8dc9a93a/Pinned-Prototype---Stand_Double_1.jpg)
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Figure I: Comparison of the deformation and color change of radially aggregated and nested biopolymer prints aged over 1 year with different 2-dimensional geometries and 3-dimensional forms.
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/e840191fc93bd95a32d8176e8147f8e16e65d5e466c5462709b0a925271c400f/200331_Tube-Toolpaths_1-3.jpg)
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![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/7a84b7681e3580b64f41b74ce9f3a04444f681df8ea0d698683c76ef0f9bfc90/200331_Tube-Toolpaths_1-5.jpg)
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![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/0c0390e27627bc11a6d9585fcf2eed7358e5b4c45275a4a2e89455ad735f4662/200331_Tube-Toolpaths_1-1.jpg)
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![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/8026f3c6afbfb0622da8a502affc03fe687b349db018de8b03a7893b783f64f9/200331_Tube-Toolpaths_1-7.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/e52bf25c9ffa9a44164c48714c61e275c45125240866c76ff43dfeb0870606b5/200331_Tube-Toolpaths_1-2.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/620a50f45702ba6ca2b771c030c542272b720f04719503eba6712acff29c6305/200331_Tube-Toolpaths_1-5.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/0780de92aeceabaef962927c2f89418a55c212a8fc6f31e15e13fc2925c4d1a8/200331_Tube-Toolpaths_1-9.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/c6c01f314ef27b63265e03127b2c65588bbbae9ba61c8a621839668bab745cf5/200331_Tube-Toolpaths_1-3.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/68c27b51c76d35e846c869417aea57b76cc4c8e76bdf02240ba43d81400b8191/200331_Tube-Toolpaths_1-6.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/bcc5bf6b15a1acd6f2747516095ebfb08eebedea9525dd4d8a3805a8ade7b9b7/200331_Tube-Toolpaths_1-8.jpg)
Figure II: Toolpaths from printed biopolymer sheets in set.
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/40ed9ef86adced3c5b7142926bfba6788f010cea75bc9e2f210066faae497d97/Pinned-Prototype---Top-View_1.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/39b6d4cdf9dbf7eb3253177c06c5453ad9a748e7ddeb7783e9fe077e45d8934a/Pinned-Prototype---Top-View_2.jpg)
Figure III: A series of bilaterally symmetric prints are composed of a pectin chitosan infill base layer with a cellulose lattice surface layer. The center lines of each print have a region of pectin infill printed above the cellulose lattice.
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/3482db1858aba5973de34f56e65dbabb3b90a0dfa6ece6e750f80d3ebb2280be/Scale_1.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/45a90bcab6b29f7a467c03ac569989abb6813c53a8c74f50db4be193d904c686/Pinned-Prototype---Front-View_1-1.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/7dea779ede8d9ebeb4cdc1277ee5996a8861e3820e7a0e0b72a8acc3d220d678/Pinned-Prototype---Front-View_Aged_1-1.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/48c195f7bba85221948efb6631777db51170b81b99baea361c5259cd0417ee6f/Pinned-Prototype---Front-View_1-2.jpg)
Figure IV: A set of 10 different prints are clamped along the wetted central pectin spine to adhere all surfaces together. The edges of each of these surfaces are exposed to a humidifier and folded into adjacent surfaces.
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/d0adf06bbc1977b03326f8cba696196aa7f16f4943c9386b4c660105a5fca798/181114-Pinned-Prototypes_Drawing_1-3.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/7955c4950658d7dcf17ca8ccaa44ba5c8ddb3ae279016798e042ffa1c2e29d8f/181114-Pinned-Prototypes_Drawing_1-2.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/41ca9b35d21978834c1dd981bc7db2a7d2a3dc5af25f43d2b01129d31dc7178d/181114-Pinned-Prototypes_Drawing_1-4.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/3e4c2d3ca2760d98a44fef8df2e9a1b2efac03a2087efcbdac859573d4f93be6/181114-Pinned-Prototypes_Drawing_1-5.jpg)
Figure V: Renderings and drawings of folded biopolymer schematic design.
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/03ffc487fe8ef3e0333440753982eef3966ec8a7d9032694453f5e20181b03e2/200312_Layered-Print---Circle-Chart_Material_Amount-2-25.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/911211ec1b5431638216eae22ab9cd2837c18db365813f3293e706f662d3da7f/200312_Layered-Print---Circle-Chart_Material_Amount-2-26.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/464543c2982e70883732913d414b04df75110895acd94939e292d56891e3ba30/200312_Layered-Print---Circle-Chart_Material_Amount-2-27.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/ae15f78394f46900afbf3e3c94ee754c687d1747831f4ba0cb94860a78768bfc/200312_Layered-Print---Circle-Chart_Material_Amount-2-28.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/780e26c8c58bd9f3ae0d5a3ecb65fbf6e668daeb00999c09bff36e9ff6395bb0/200312_Layered-Print---Circle-Chart_Material_Amount-2-29.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/bc2349e2ecfd08d13b85f51ba654961763fcf29aa28d8c203c74aecce1963687/200312_Layered-Print---Circle-Chart_Material_Amount-2-30.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/a3ba350602dfccec2b90e3ec6846ae89819a49ef9d6a9f302d4b1fe0f1e95cab/200312_Layered-Print---Circle-Chart_Material_Amount-2-31.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/2bf4eee19d69845897171e4d5a322d5c8748f76d8fe8d9487c3b37318d76176a/200312_Layered-Print---Circle-Chart_Material_Amount-2-32.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/8750f8ee4259e3c0a327a731b3e21d436dbbe919a028595c716cd5e494167cec/200312_Layered-Print---Circle-Chart_Material_Amount-2-33.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/446e2970f7a788907f9385b5542467d106ab713ffc4c6fe3f6263f5dbb6aa51b/200312_Layered-Print---Circle-Chart_Material_Amount-2-34.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/262b0e8b485f70a16b1d6b066dda94dfeeb0fb43e1a908badd0b54a51af587b3/200312_Layered-Print---Circle-Chart_Material_Amount-2-35.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/28c4e23680f2820116472f19f40d0be9dbea81a69da20378dfe2146bf542661a/200312_Layered-Print---Circle-Chart_Material_Cost-2-26.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/a7e069c16fa0bbe2806282ea7df117d6b40c76b8b7b268af1814caabc48192a4/200312_Layered-Print---Circle-Chart_Material_Cost-2-25.jpg)
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![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/3f2d2b89e1358a7fce556067aba60f5ada134f27d75f92eb4f3dd06cad31b4be/200312_Layered-Print---Circle-Chart_Material_Cost-2-28.jpg)
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![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/6340210c5ead302245264b92d7e4dade6d239f6e32e657502207caf92a621304/200312_Layered-Print---Circle-Chart_Material_Cost-2-30.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/238b719d7114a606982382a1240b3f3d5c1aeb1fdedeba5ffc01cbf30699845f/200312_Layered-Print---Circle-Chart_Material_Cost-2-31.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/9e3d9d678fa495fae7c16131d007175c4cee560ac52ab845da4e1eb5326c6caa/200312_Layered-Print---Circle-Chart_Material_Cost-2-32.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/27ae40e7b251189344316f8bbb238c256d670a4705c2f5a423665b7ebb91503b/200312_Layered-Print---Circle-Chart_Material_Cost-2-33.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/c5732a415d35bdca9fab5e8b851bd64398cee045c35af97b0b9c9f7f20079dd2/200312_Layered-Print---Circle-Chart_Material_Cost-2-34.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/962d8585e68c7c5fc522b6981939d8f51faeeb799ec8f3d3b6d7ad9e24170171/200312_Layered-Print---Circle-Chart_Material_Cost-2-35.jpg)
Figure VI: Composite pie chart circle diagram comparing ingredient volum and cost of materials for each single material print (8 swatch types).
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/5f7469587c67f38a66cd5ac118b4602280a9af6e3f07f7c58989337b5ba9c385/200413_Layered-Print---Bar-Chart_Material-Cartridge_4-25.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/73d2b9b22e09b9d8c0abd8bc7393748608d99ffa17ec9d70451fed2a7a2f745e/200413_Layered-Print---Bar-Chart_Material-Cartridge_4-26.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/fb38a92e1e54d19fcd818ef5a636164965ef0648e1bbb5c967e743d947d938bd/200413_Layered-Print---Bar-Chart_Material-Cartridge_4-27.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/996d9e08aced714091f1867ecb6a6b3e1bb4f42483075e017128ff22adf9cc3f/200413_Layered-Print---Bar-Chart_Material-Cartridge_4-28.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/fb5ef6308d908b95854b74d255d205c9315a5f0da1e528887c9858b61293bc60/200413_Layered-Print---Bar-Chart_Material-Cartridge_4-29.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/3683e7b6c38db8fedef5cb8b0738d27dd1580c8ec20acb1a65d0fab56b061325/200413_Layered-Print---Bar-Chart_Material-Cartridge_4-30.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/9373fc218e4c7e44dafbdfe55998eb5d533b30d5d0b85ef8258bb57b4f0166eb/200413_Layered-Print---Bar-Chart_Material-Cartridge_4-31.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/1f04500e68180273ca91dadc649c6fcaa6ea59e474b767eb8a4b226ad19cb51f/200413_Layered-Print---Bar-Chart_Material-Cartridge_4-32.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/967985f30ebbdbe2c88df99e9ab75e36d1981758cb797edf124d189f39f60db4/200413_Layered-Print---Bar-Chart_Material-Cartridge_4-33.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/76ace71e3ec186dd6fd9d63026cbba139cc5f23458c3c8e8147dfd5f66440bc8/200413_Layered-Print---Bar-Chart_Material-Cartridge_4-34.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/59d9da3222a44c29a1c838508d9a2f693ce1ed9ae37cc33c7bceb2ee5e631069/200413_Layered-Print---Bar-Chart_Material-Cartridge_4-35.jpg)
Figure VII: Diagram comparing volume of material, print duration, and cost for differen biopolymer formulas used in each print in the series.
+
U Fold
These experiments examine how centrally aggregated and nested biopolymer surfaces may deform over time. A series of bilaterally symmetric prints are composed of a pectin chitosan infill base layer with a cellulose lattice surface layer. The center lines of each print have a region of pectin infill printed above the cellulose lattice. A set of 10 different prints are clamped along the wetted central pectin spine to adhere all surfaces together. The edges of each of these surfaces are exposed to a humidifier and folded into adjacent surfaces.
- Exposure to air is recorded during the first month and at 18 months.
- Folded shapes are imaged with and without backlighting in plan view.
- Changes in color are visible.
1 nested aggregate of 16 biopolymer surfaces are tested that control for the same materials and print orders but vary the 3-dimensional geometries: https://designedecologies.com/U-Fold
Although the symmetrical aggregate does not experience major deformation, portions have cracked due to internal pressures. There is significant color change
- Exposure to air is recorded during the first month and at 18 months.
- Folded shapes are imaged with and without backlighting in plan view.
- Changes in color are visible.
1 nested aggregate of 16 biopolymer surfaces are tested that control for the same materials and print orders but vary the 3-dimensional geometries: https://designedecologies.com/U-Fold
Although the symmetrical aggregate does not experience major deformation, portions have cracked due to internal pressures. There is significant color change