![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/fc46c76c09912a87d3fbd41b465178ca07d4222e88d6a4764f3c9535b71ef78e/3S7A2170.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/14ba0639e17162da9c5221028271056e18c5ebca684bbb6e3b4120556e71132c/Fold-Ship_Form-2_Old_Side_2-1.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/e6511fc94934285ab40d186d8c78c123647878d3022bbf8de31681887eaac267/3S7A2171.jpg)
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![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/f59f42e8395b75616b595acf183ab103d5d9d767353db9bb69d3c059eda55ceb/3S7A2177.jpg)
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![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/f1526e180fcc26f26ff8e2aeaf37007d49d6993eee36516f2fec6554d799e990/Fold-Ship_Form-1_Old_Side_2-1.jpg)
Figure I: Comparison of the deformation and color change of centrally aggregated and folded biopolymer
prints aged over 1 year with different 2-dimensional geometries and 3-dimensional forms.
prints aged over 1 year with different 2-dimensional geometries and 3-dimensional forms.
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/54f71ff12cbb7265ac7b45296750e84614c4cbb577225a41bdcd3e7281a14a17/3S7A2172.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/b6587bfd6826d727a89a6dbee51b34cb7b48e73b4715f30657a12ea14520a641/Fold-Ship_Form-2_Old_Side_2-2.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/c0a24b52adc5d07e03e63afe2e4c86035a252dc381bcbc7034174ef81f73deed/3S7A2173.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/4d17dfaec11e893544e7b5bd5700adeb2ca78e886e646f96486501339c8bc98f/Fold-Ship_Form-2_Old_Side_1-2.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/d097cd1cc13746a1b3a5c5c8281a1da72b6b443fa20e0d56041d49fbb157ed39/3S7A2179.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/680223df86c211dcc6fc8e84fbf659737af6fc5f827a5375af89c771b99ac6ec/Fold-Ship_Form-1_Old_Side_1-2-1.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/c0a0b28e59d7c14cdaacb28c85e1514907c4b5b094259534c8dbf763aa148723/3S7A2180.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/81e4f1ce0b59accdb1add0a242c1fe2f97e6a06a7cc3d4870fb5dbb96655534b/Fold-Ship_Form-1_Old_Side_2-2.jpg)
Figure II: A series of bilaterally symmetric prints are composed of a pectin chitosan infill base layer with a cellulose lattice surface layer. The center lines of each print have a region of pectin infill printed above the cellulose lattice.
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/21aba41b52c1b985c4f60829a004007cb9ee0e3bedbdb437f077cf436401383b/Fold-Ship_Form-2_New_Dark_1.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/734603551033178efe99c0f68d8897e62c0893c8e1436ba90062dab31be330e4/3S7A2015.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/c0fca0eaad6d576e98558ca42a9ccc9884afcb47b5a8b515c60a63a403026c02/Fold-Ship_Form-2_Old_Dark_1.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/6a9d1b1d934e1cc4cfd9879984679f63dc6adb04eb5c746a214a4ed91872a6e8/Fold-Ship_Form-2_Old_Light_1.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/c66e8812484c7405809cd24fa2673f0149405365d8064ab063762ff847773438/Fold-Ship_Form-2_New_Dark_2.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/b5a6ab0449fb8c9db01f508be2e60a02e909a4fe976fb8c0a4dbff7307845c25/3S7A2019.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/cdf731416d719ce08587707b1fa9cb6f65587d224d2a5c09a02be65f6efe87df/Fold-Ship_Form-2_Old_Dark_2.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/76bbb20d71bc17305d852082aa3f297b5c330b29617b5ec26c91cfb497382faa/Fold-Ship_Form-2_Old_Light_2.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/9709f0e4e9024cd30ada513ca13027f0ebe58d15ea3d84d611487e24b1bdc089/Fold-Ship_Form-1_New_Dark_2.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/d331349265ddb224d9273780ca75dfc5c0e9f8e939465ecab9b432fdea2fffee/3S7A2021.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/496ef8343629acdc73809753539848493417e7e41b45cb0d5da246d99f7bc650/Fold-Ship_Form-1_Old_Dark_2.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/6734f92e1c807fc48e652fab12f3d9c7b264516434cfbe54f70cafacec603843/Fold-Ship_Form-1_Old_Light_2.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/e81696644269e3050b443701fc8b99f042d8af1e74b4980a1f295871d93de748/Fold-Ship_Form-1_New_Dark_1.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/879da92db39df299f52a02a256bf6c2d42d75eabafeedb24ae1ba55a443a00d4/3S7A2023.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/49a3de017682ab6d868df42403874b1dd81b9fe40bc8605510e5da0565299623/Fold-Ship_Form-1_Old_Dark_1.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/b262d3145275f4410d14c7ef2572e1af62600ab1c2f1e523a1ecc98ffd4d92b3/Fold-Ship_Form-1_Old_Light_1.jpg)
Figure III: A set of 4 different prints are clamped along the wetted central pectin spine to adhere all surfaces together. The edges of each of these surfaces are exposed to a humidifier and folded into adjacent surfaces.
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/a6a223439c02d4fb8e5f57664479a961c5ca483fd84881023b1743ea2fb18267/_M7A2313.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/73036c3ab15731fba04130e051b0848e4f03eb5ad64b09dccbab220c3eed359c/200128_Biopolymer-Skin-Folds_4-10.jpg)
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![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/d9d47ee7c443bf115d20419a0f5a64a04213504d360dcf854254c3b5db024116/200312_Layered-Print---Circle-Chart_Material_Amount-2-13.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/e0401205e2f5cbaca4eb5d77cd2273e249529dc19bcb3312380e3beadcb18283/200312_Layered-Print---Circle-Chart_Material_Cost-2-13.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/7725631e94d87ae738fd18e980f49ed496241d717ca26f9c44544e7d103b659a/200413_Layered-Print---Bar-Chart_Material-Cartridge_4-13.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/59ebe5998ee6bda8824c07bec8342206509ee95ec17d633ac366d857a7263b41/_M7A2317.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/5c121bbf224231348209a31bc9a1f3dd3c4d67d61d551cb218117c275e340d24/200128_Biopolymer-Skin-Folds_2-1-6.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/6b43dcb4d127594fec19e5c8e96817e65f6d61546406e5e110636d1940032dd6/200312_Layered-Print---Circle-Chart_Material_Amount-2-18.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/3e007dc4fd762d3dd5d1cf790d046ee07153aa7e348f636f404f232e94d13dab/200312_Layered-Print---Circle-Chart_Material_Cost-2-18.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/a87c0e451f0f1310fba41b5e28d10f6943d58eda4963215eb31fd816d625039a/200413_Layered-Print---Bar-Chart_Material-Cartridge_4-18.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/c6c9a80241d1842f40d57cf583d92612d7cf413a22fb9cce0bd986279f45e304/_M7A2318.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/a4deb338f330d52d34c93ab87f86143483c214f18af1fa4fcc3c46d69b7c217e/200128_Biopolymer-Skin-Folds_2-1-7.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/6cb3e3bee92c7a88951705a6d0271580c5be972c7b0fd6d63423b846b9f71b81/200312_Layered-Print---Circle-Chart_Material_Amount-2-19.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/e6d9fbcefae12c6de1c1fd2c13fb4a1aa561c83fa620aea9d381026611f215dd/200312_Layered-Print---Circle-Chart_Material_Cost-2-19.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/07e54daf03f648b4c23bc74440314f2965e12679debff9614b8323385e0be040/200413_Layered-Print---Bar-Chart_Material-Cartridge_4-19.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/9e04a4a18ccce504007054b204cd6b0d4520812ca6c8f142128ea21263ddf432/_M7A2320.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/4523627c6f78bc62759e9f11d8a190dcefdf637c226f60272f876c2283d5f298/200128_Biopolymer-Skin-Folds_2-1-8.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/134158dc17bad1644883c0d1e08657c4eb8d2a452d14a863ab85d2be4d1a901e/200312_Layered-Print---Circle-Chart_Material_Amount-2-20.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/8a5492386cb9714bc3a08a16d6a53a71461643fd0d151e94f9cc21a05e75e00e/200312_Layered-Print---Circle-Chart_Material_Cost-2-20.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/524eb106021071d1185cd2d274fd8659c5e996eb048232ce38993ef6fb883859/200413_Layered-Print---Bar-Chart_Material-Cartridge_4-20.jpg)
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![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/97694f50c0b2b7e62717bb205d3da8d362458b8d04096870cee5fcf474b41daa/200128_Biopolymer-Skin-Folds_4-9.jpg)
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![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/bdf51e88510c9552e69a4092c0d0ded2863b66f3acd229e011154b991a8682c9/200128_Biopolymer-Skin-Folds_2-1-1.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/93eaac16486ca32d8c601821463412b94b7600dcbb9c8380f550a211a6042491/200312_Layered-Print---Circle-Chart_Material_Amount-2-17.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/162fbbf13f3dc2c9083e517a25afad302b433982c6fe775c7d61b7cdb24eb876/200312_Layered-Print---Circle-Chart_Material_Cost-2-17.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/2cd15f9fc87c367783f1d47163b963589db1dbbe0f3b5e1869d84335c8f18d2d/200413_Layered-Print---Bar-Chart_Material-Cartridge_4-17.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/c55795ecd5d825849ec86fb4ba3f7b262f97c263c90f63023e5da7bffde2e0db/_M7A2324.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/b3ba4bfdf6e42a5da3485185c9fdb0ce4972140dcd6f1151de45f2fa75fd78b3/200128_Biopolymer-Skin-Folds_2-1-2.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/2ad612df86cde8117c509ef70b6940b4110d69aae155d0da05e9a3d7e97271ba/200312_Layered-Print---Circle-Chart_Material_Amount-2-14.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/7f836d7af0611d15165c98354e7487d815954a746ad5a729edb4411a1efd711f/200312_Layered-Print---Circle-Chart_Material_Cost-2-14.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/3588665f8209d5c161df39cf0b27075c3857193f6dab88bdc5e2892e58316a9a/200413_Layered-Print---Bar-Chart_Material-Cartridge_4-14.jpg)
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![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/45ae7fedf79f846e34759b56742fd04eed618faf184db3c3ddc43dc5aaf6aea5/200312_Layered-Print---Circle-Chart_Material_Amount-2-15.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/4b476dc2e771f958311181ce5ac0755c71346fbb399d004367d7817c347d39c5/200312_Layered-Print---Circle-Chart_Material_Cost-2-15.jpg)
![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/a1f27a7c4a2751e41e9eb44c97a4e0d429e4fc8e3547ba6e8f6bbdbf10e24ac5/200413_Layered-Print---Bar-Chart_Material-Cartridge_4-15.jpg)
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![](https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/5333f14e8c2a135a32495a10ea2c2c676ec2deb16f0979cc5e4e6271b8c5d02b/200128_Biopolymer-Skin-Folds_2-1-4.jpg)
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Figure IV: Toolpaths and material cost / volume diagrams from printed biopolymer sheets in set.
+
T Fold
These experiments examine how centrally aggregated and folded biopolymer surfaces may deform over time. A series of bilaterally symmetric prints are composed of a pectin chitosan infill base layer with a cellulose lattice surface layer. The center lines of each print have a region of pectin infill printed above the cellulose lattice. A set of 4 different prints are clamped along the wetted central pectin spine to adhere all surfaces together. The edges of each of these surfaces are exposed to a humidifier and folded into adjacent surfaces.
- Exposure to air is recorded during the first month and at 12 months.
- Folded shapes are imaged with and without backlighting in plan and angled view
- Changes in color and shape are visible.
2 folded aggregates of 4 biopolymer surfaces are tested that control for the same materials and print orders but vary the 3-dimensional geometries.
Although the aggregates are shaped symmetrically, they do not deform consistently on either side of a single piece. There is significant color change.
- Exposure to air is recorded during the first month and at 12 months.
- Folded shapes are imaged with and without backlighting in plan and angled view
- Changes in color and shape are visible.
2 folded aggregates of 4 biopolymer surfaces are tested that control for the same materials and print orders but vary the 3-dimensional geometries.
Although the aggregates are shaped symmetrically, they do not deform consistently on either side of a single piece. There is significant color change.